tmux Tutorial: Understanding What It Is, How to Install and Use It

Tmux is a tool that lets users create multiple virtual Terminal sessions in their system, each running an individual process. It works similarly to other multiplexers like GNU Screen but offers improved window management features.

In addition to improving task collaboration, tmux lets users maintain long-running processes in the background and save the Terminal state after disconnecting. This makes the tool suitable for managing a remote system like a virtual private server (VPS).

In this article, we’ll go over everything you need to know about using tmux. This includes the installation process, keyboard shortcuts, common use cases, and benefits over the traditional Terminal.

Download Comprehensive tmux Cheat Sheet

How to Install tmux

To set up tmux, log in to your remote system as a root using an SSH client like PuTTY. Hostinger VPS hosting users can find the credentials under the SSH access tab in hPanel’s VPS overview page.

Once connected, make sure to switch to another superuser since running the wrong commands using root might cause some serious issues:

su username

Before installing tmux, update your system’s package repository. This command will differ across Linux operating systems. As an example, here’s how to do it in Ubuntu:

sudo apt update

Then, run the following Linux command to install tmux:

sudo apt install tmux

Adjust the command according to your system’s package manager. For example, CentOS uses yum or dnf instead of apt.

After the tmux setup process is complete, check whether it is properly configured by querying the version:

tmux -V

If your Terminal returns the version number, tmux is correctly installed. Otherwise, it will output the “command not found” error.

In tmux, you can divide the Terminal into sessions, windows, and panes. They are dedicated, isolated shells in which you can execute commands or run processes without affecting others.

The only difference is their hierarchical structure, which provides modularity for efficient task organization. A session is a collection of windows, while panes are subdivisions of a single window.

tmux Keybindings and Shortcuts

The tmux keyboard shortcuts are essential for window and pane management. Here are some of the most useful key combinations and their functions:

• Ctrl-b + d – detach from the current session.
• Ctrl-b + % – split one window into top and bottom panes.
• Ctrl-b + “ – divide a window into two panes vertically.
• Ctrl-b + arrow – move to a different pane in a direction.
• Ctrl-b + x – close the current pane.
• Ctrl-b + c – create a new window.
• Ctrl-b + n – move to the next window based on the number.
• Ctrl-b + p – return to the previous window.
• Ctrl-b + ID number – jump to a specific window using the ID number.
• Ctrl-b + : – open the command line mode.
• Ctrl-b + ? – print all shortcuts.
• Ctrl-b + w – list all the windows in the current session.

Note that tmux shortcuts only work within a tmux session. Most importantly, for keybinds to work, you’ll need to press Ctrl-b before the key you want to use, as depicted above.

How to Use tmux

Let’s take a look at how system administrators can use the multiplexer for efficient command-line workflow. You will learn how to start tmux sessions, create multiple windows, split panes, and customize its settings.

Starting a New Session

To start tmux and create your first session, run one of the following commands in your main Terminal window:

tmux 
tmux new
tmux new-session

Note that you should run these commands in the main Terminal window. While you can create a new one within an existing session, it’s not recommended and requires unsetting the $TMUX environment variable.

By default, a new tmux session will use an ID number for identification. However, you can give a custom name using the -s option:

tmux new-session -s [name]

Detaching and Attaching Sessions

After you create a new session, you will be automatically attached to it. To detach and leave the tmux client, press Ctrl-b + d.To reattach to the most recent session, use the tmux attach-session command. You can also reenter a specific shell by entering:

tmux attach-session -t [session-name]

Alternatively, reattach to a specific target session using its ID number. Since tmux starts the order from 0 by default, enter the following to access the first shell:

tmux attach-session -t 0

Managing Sessions

To list all active sessions, run either of the following tmux commands. You can do so within the main or virtual shell:

tmux list-sessions
tmux ls

Your command-line interface will show all sessions with details like their name, ID, number of windows, and creation date. You’ll also see which one you are currently attached to.

If you are currently in a virtual Terminal session, you can switch to another one using the following command. Similar to reattaching, use the name or ID number:

tmux switch -t [session-name-or-id]

To terminate the current session, enter exit or press Ctrl-d. Meanwhile, run this command if you want to shut down a specific one:

tmux kill-session -t [session-name-or-id]

Warning! Use the termination shortcut or command with caution since the deleted tmux session disappears permanently.

Creating and Navigating Windows

Your new tmux session will be a single Terminal window by default. To split it into two, press Ctrl-b + c. The new window will show up in the bottom status bar with its name and ID number.

Your current tmux window is marked with an asterisk (*). You can move to the next window by pressing Ctrl-b + n or return to the previous one using Ctrl-b + p.

Instead of cycling between multiple Terminal windows, you can directly jump to a specific one by pressing Ctrl-b + number ID. For example, press Ctrl-b + 0 to return to the first window.

Renaming and Organizing Windows

By default, tmux will create a new window called bash or sh. If you have many processes, distinguishing between them can be difficult, complicating task management.

Assign new tmux windows a custom name for simpler identification. To do so, navigate to the one you want to rename and press Ctrl-b + : to enter the tmux command mode. Then, run the following:

rename-window window-name

Replace window-name with your desired name. You should see the new window information on the session’s bottom status bar changes.

Splitting Windows into Panes

To organize a more specific task, split one window into multiple panes. Press Ctrl-b + “ to divide it horizontally or vertically using Ctrl-b + %.

You can repeat the window-splitting shortcuts to further divide panes into smaller working areas. For example, here’s what your current window will look like after separating it three times.

Navigating and Resizing Panes

To navigate between panes, press Ctrl-b + an arrow key according to your preferred direction. Your current position is highlighted with a green border.

You can also cycle to the next pane by pressing Ctrl-b + o, or return to the previous one using the Ctrl-b + ; shortcut.

By default, splitting a window will create two panes with identical sizes. To change the dimension, press Ctrl-b and hold Alt and the arrow button based on the direction for resizing.

Press up and down to change the height. Meanwhile, use the right or left arrow key to adjust the width.

Note that you can only modify the size once per keypress. If you want to make a pane twice smaller, you have to repeat the Ctrl-b + Alt-left shortcut.

Closing Panes

To terminate a pane, navigate to the one you want to close, then press Ctrl-b + &. However, we recommend avoiding this method since the lack of a confirmation message makes it prone to accidental deletion.

Instead, press Ctrl-b + x to close a pane safely. This will display a verification window, which you must confirm by pressing Y and hitting Enter.

Terminating panes won’t affect tasks in other sessions. Also, remember that this process is irreversible.

Customizing tmux

Tmux lets you create a configuration file that you can add code to, customizing its appearance and behavior. Depending on the scope, it can be local or global.

The local file applies to a specific user and is located in the account’s default bash directory. Run the following to create it:

sudo touch ~/.tmux.conf

Meanwhile, the global configuration applies system-wide and is located in the /etc directory. Here’s how to make one:

sudo touch /etc/tmux.conf

To add the configuration code, open the file using a text editor like Nano. You can change many settings, including the appearance and shortcuts. Check our tutorial about customizing tmux to learn more about the customization options.

For example, the following snippet will change the default prefix key bindings from Ctrl-b to Ctrl -a:

# Change prefix from 'Ctrl+B' to 'Ctrl+A'
unbind C-b
set-option -g prefix C-a
bind-key C-a send-prefix

Moreover, you can modify the starting ID number. For example, the following tmux configuration code changes it from 0 to 1:

# Start counting pane and window number at 1
set -g base-index 1
setw -g pane-base-index 1

To save the changes, press Ctrl+X, Y, and Enter.

Why Use Tmux

In a traditional Linux Terminal, users can only work on one task per session and can’t continue their progress after disconnecting. Tmux helps resolve this issue by providing these benefits:

• Task and session management. System administrators can create multiple sessions to group tasks. They can also link windows, replicating one process on another for consistency.
• Multitasking. Users can detach from a session and reconnect to where they left off. It allows for efficient multitasking since they can work on multiple tasks seamlessly.
• Remote work. The tmux server preserves every running process, even when the user disconnects. It lets you reliably work on a remote system like a VPS without worrying about the SSH connection
• Long-running processes. Processes in tmux will remain active until the user terminates it. This feature is helpful for tasks like logging events or deploying an application.

Conclusion

Tmux is a multiplexer that lets you create multiple shell sessions in your system. These pseudo Terminals can run a dedicated process, which remains running even after you disconnect from the machine.

After installing the tool, run the tmux command to create a session and automatically attach to it. Detach by running attach-session -t and terminate it by entering exit. To list all sessions, use tmux ls.

You can split a tmux session into multiple windows by pressing Ctrl-b + c. Cycle between them using Ctrl-b + n or p. These windows will be called bash or sh by default, but you can rename them with the rename-window command.

To split the working area into smaller instances called panes, press Ctrl-b + “ or %, depending on the orientation. You can further customize tmux by modifying the ~/.tmux.conf configuration file.

tmux FAQ

To help deepen your understanding, this section will answer several commonly asked questions about tmux.